MÉTODO DE ANÁLISIS DE BIÓXIDO DE CARBONO LIBRE (CO2)
1. Bióxido de carbono libre (CO2)
1.1. Principio.
El presente método esta basado en la reacción del CO2 libre del agua con el hidróxido de sodio para formar bicarbonato de sodio.
Además de este método de valoración volumétrica existe uno monográfico que por exigir gran precisión en la determinación "in situ" del pH y de la alcalinidad resulta menos aconsejable.
Pueden producirse errores por la presencia de amoniaco, aminas, fosfatos, boratos, silicatos, sulfuros y nitritos, así como por la existencia de ácidos minerales o sales de ácido fuerte y base débil. También alteran cuantitativamente el resultado el aluminio, hierro, cromo y cobre.
1.2. Material y aparatos.
1.2.1. Frascos pyrex de 1.000 ml.
1.2.2. Probeta graduada de 100 ml.
1.2.3. Tubo de goma.
1.2.4. Bureta normal graduada en 0,1 ml.
1.2.5. Varilla de vidrio.
1.3. Reactivos.
1.3.1. Solución valorada de hidróxido sódico 0,02 N.-diluir 20 ml de NaOH 1 n a un litro de agua destilada que previamente se ha hervido no menos de quince minutos para expulsar el bióxido de carbono y enfriarlo a la temperatura ambiente. Preparar diariamente y proteger del bióxido de carbono atmosférico en un frasco pyrex. Titular la solución con el reactivo 1.3.3.
1.3.2. Solución indicadora de fenolftaleina. Disolver 0,5 g de fenolftaleina en 50 ml de alcohol etílico de 96. y agregar 50 ml de agua destilada que previamente se ha hervido no menos de quince minutos para expulsar el bióxido de carbono y enfriarlo a la temperatura ambiente. Agregar a continuación el reactivo 1.3.1 a gotas hasta que aparezca una muy ligera coloración rosa.
1.3.3. Solución patrón ácida 0,01 n de ácido clorhídrico o sulfúrico.
1.4. Procedimiento.
Sifonar la muestra mediante tubo de goma, llenando desde el fondo una probeta de 100 ml hasta que derrame. Extraer el tubo de goma y verter el exceso de agua mediante sacudidas.
Agregar cinco o diez gotas de reactivo 1.3.2. si la muestra vira a rojo, no hay presente bióxido de carbono libre; si la muestra se mantiene incolora, titular rápidamente con el reactivo 1.3.1 agitando suavemente con una varilla de vidrio hasta que el color rosa característico observado a través de todo el espesor de la muestra persista, por lo menos, treinta segundos.
1.5. Cálculos
Calcular el bióxido de carbono libre, expresado en miligramos por litro, mediante la fórmula
1.1. Principio.
El presente método esta basado en la reacción del CO2 libre del agua con el hidróxido de sodio para formar bicarbonato de sodio.
Además de este método de valoración volumétrica existe uno monográfico que por exigir gran precisión en la determinación "in situ" del pH y de la alcalinidad resulta menos aconsejable.
Pueden producirse errores por la presencia de amoniaco, aminas, fosfatos, boratos, silicatos, sulfuros y nitritos, así como por la existencia de ácidos minerales o sales de ácido fuerte y base débil. También alteran cuantitativamente el resultado el aluminio, hierro, cromo y cobre.
1.2. Material y aparatos.
1.2.1. Frascos pyrex de 1.000 ml.
1.2.2. Probeta graduada de 100 ml.
1.2.3. Tubo de goma.
1.2.4. Bureta normal graduada en 0,1 ml.
1.2.5. Varilla de vidrio.
1.3. Reactivos.
1.3.1. Solución valorada de hidróxido sódico 0,02 N.-diluir 20 ml de NaOH 1 n a un litro de agua destilada que previamente se ha hervido no menos de quince minutos para expulsar el bióxido de carbono y enfriarlo a la temperatura ambiente. Preparar diariamente y proteger del bióxido de carbono atmosférico en un frasco pyrex. Titular la solución con el reactivo 1.3.3.
1.3.2. Solución indicadora de fenolftaleina. Disolver 0,5 g de fenolftaleina en 50 ml de alcohol etílico de 96. y agregar 50 ml de agua destilada que previamente se ha hervido no menos de quince minutos para expulsar el bióxido de carbono y enfriarlo a la temperatura ambiente. Agregar a continuación el reactivo 1.3.1 a gotas hasta que aparezca una muy ligera coloración rosa.
1.3.3. Solución patrón ácida 0,01 n de ácido clorhídrico o sulfúrico.
1.4. Procedimiento.
Sifonar la muestra mediante tubo de goma, llenando desde el fondo una probeta de 100 ml hasta que derrame. Extraer el tubo de goma y verter el exceso de agua mediante sacudidas.
Agregar cinco o diez gotas de reactivo 1.3.2. si la muestra vira a rojo, no hay presente bióxido de carbono libre; si la muestra se mantiene incolora, titular rápidamente con el reactivo 1.3.1 agitando suavemente con una varilla de vidrio hasta que el color rosa característico observado a través de todo el espesor de la muestra persista, por lo menos, treinta segundos.
1.5. Cálculos
Calcular el bióxido de carbono libre, expresado en miligramos por litro, mediante la fórmula
A = ml. gastados del reactivo 1.3.1
F = factor de corrección del reactivo 1.3.1 hallado mediante su titulación con el reactivo 1.3.3
B = ml. de muestra
1.6. Referencias.
1. "Métodos de análisis recomendados". Centro de estudios hidrográficos, Madrid, 1968.
2. "Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater". American Public Health Association, Inc. New York, 1960.
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Why traditional men's style is timeless
The classic man's suit has hardly changed for over a hundred years. True, there are numerous varieties for various situations, nevertheless they are all common in their quest for a wise, sharp look for the person. The great thing about traditional fashion for men is that it is effortlessly stylish efficiently neat. A well-groomed man will almost always look his sharpest in a well-tailored suit, and this can be a testament to the style of such apparel. A suit will undoubtedly be worn to work in many jobs due to the professional look it offers to the individual, instilling a feeling of respect and confidence. Equally a match will undoubtedly be utilized to many social situations, like a tuxedo to a black-tie affair. This extraordinary flexibility that enables suits to be used in virtually all functions is what gives it its timeless advantage and a lasting place in men's fashion.
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